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{{Infobox_University|name = University of California, Berkeley|motto = Fiat lux
(Latin, Let There Be Light)|image_size = 150px|established =March 23, 1868|calendar =Semester|endowment =[United States dollar3.34 billion (August 15, 2007)]|undergrad =23,482|postgrad =10,076|doctoral =|city = Berkeley, California|state =California, 1,232 acres (5 km²)|colors = [Yale Blue and Or (heraldry)|mascot =Oski [Division I
California Golden Bears, [Pacific Ten, International Alliance of Research Universities, Association of American Universities|nobel_laureates = 61 Berkeley Nobel Prize winners, UCBerkeleyNews|publictransit = Downtown Berkeley (BART station)|website = berkeley.edu|logo = --> and Mount Tamalpais.

The University of California, Berkeley is a public university research university located in Berkeley, California, California, United States. Commonly referred to as UC Berkeley, Berkeley and Cal, it is the oldest of the ten campuses affiliated with the University of California, and it is considered the flagship institution of the California higher education system. Berkeley offers some 300 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. The university occupies with the central campus resting on approximately .

The University was founded in 1868 in a merger of the private College of California and the public Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College. By the 1930s, Berkeley had established itself as a premier research university, and today counts sixty-one Nobel Laureates among its faculty, researchers and alumni. Berkeley physicists led and hand-picked the team of scientists who worked on the Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bomb during World War II and the hydrogen bomb soon afterwards. The University has managed Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the nation's two principal nuclear weapons labs (now also used for more peaceful research) at Livermore, California, and Los Alamos, New Mexico, ever since.

Among their many achievements, Berkeley scientists invented the cyclotron, discovered the anti-proton, played a key role in developing the laser, explained the processes underlying photosynthesis, isolated the Poliovirus, designed experiments that confirmed Bell's Theorem, created the widely used BSD Unix computer operating system, and discovered numerous transuranic elements on the Periodic Table, including seaborgium, plutonium, berkelium, lawrencium and californium. UC Berkeley's faculty also continue to sustain a distinguished record in fields outside the physical sciences: they have received four Fields Medals in mathematics (ten percent of all those awarded) as well as four Nobel Prizes in economics, one Nobel Prize in literature, three Pulitzer Prizes, 28 MacArthur Fellowships, 92 Sloan Fellowships, 384 Guggenheim Fellowships, seven Wolf Prizes, and nine James S. McDonnell Foundation awards.

Berkeley student-athletes compete intercollegiately as the California Golden Bears. A member of both the Pacific Ten Conference and the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in the NCAA, Cal students have won national titles in many sports, including: football, men's basketball, baseball, softball, water polo, rugby and crew. In addition, they have won over 100 Olympic medals. The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are blue and gold.

History Founding In 1866, the land that comprises the current Berkeley campus was purchased by the private College of California. Because it lacked sufficient funds to operate, it eventually merged with the state-run Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College to form the University of California. The university's charter was signed by California Governor Henry H. Haight on March 23, 1868 and Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, became its first president.

The university opened in 1869 using the former College of California's buildings in Oakland, California as a temporary home while the new campus underwent construction.http://www.berkeley.edu/about/history/ With the completion of North and South Halls in 1875, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 222 female students.http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/uchistory/general_history/campuses/ucb/overview.html

Early development The University came of age under the direction of Benjamin Ide Wheeler, who was University President from 1899 to 1919. Its reputation grew as President Wheeler succeeded in attracting renowned faculty to the campus and procuring research and scholarship funds.http://www.berkeley.edu/about/history/ The campus began to take on the look of a contemporary university with Beaux-Arts architecture and neoclassical architecture buildings, including California Memorial Stadium (1923) designed by architect John Galen Howard;http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/CalHistory/brief-history.2.html these buildings form the core of UC Berkeley's present campus architecture.

Robert Gordon Sproul assumed the presidency in 1930 and during his tenure of 28 years, UC Berkeley gained international recognition as a major research university. Prior to taking office, Sproul took a six month tour of other universities and colleges to study their educational and administrative methods and to establish connections through which he could draw talented faculty in the future.http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/uchistory/general_history/overview/presidents/index2.html#sproul The Great Depression and World War II led to funding cutbacks, but Sproul was able to maintain academic and research standards by campaigning for private funds. By 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments.http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/uchistory/general_history/overview/presidents/index2.html#sproul

World War II During World War II, Ernest Lawrence's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the hills above Berkeley began to contract with the United States Army to develop the atomic bomb, which would involve Berkeley's cutting-edge research in nuclear physics, including Glenn T. Seaborg's then-secret discovery of plutonium (Room 307 of Gilman Hall, where Seaborg discovered plutonium, would later be a National Historic Landmark). UC Berkeley physics professor Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942.http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/mp/chronology.shtmlhttp://www.childrenofthemanhattanproject.org/HISTORY/H-06c11.htm Along with the descendant of the Radiation Lab, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the University of California manages two other labs of similar age, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, which were established in 1943 and 1952, respectively.

1950s and 1960s political influences During the McCarthyism in 1949, the Regents of the University of California adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath to be signed by all University of California employees. A number of faculty members objected to the oath requirement and were dismissed;http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/uchistory/archives_exhibits/loyaltyoath/timelinesummary.html ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay.http://www.dailycal.org/article.php?id=535 One of them, Edward C. Tolman—the noted comparative psychology— has a building on campus named after him housing the departments of psychology and education. An oath to "support and defend the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California against all enemies, foreign and domestic" is still required of all UC employees.http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/.const/.article_20http://www.dailycal.org/sharticle.php?id=542

In 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus as part of a major restructuring of the UC system. Each campus was given relative autonomy and its own Chancellor. Sproul assumed the presidency of the entire University of California system, and Clark Kerr became the first Chancellor of UC Berkeley.http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/CalHistory/brief-history.2.html

1960s and the Free Speech Movement UC Berkeley’s reputation for student activism was forged in the 1960s, beginning with the Free Speech Movement in 1964.http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/CalHistory/60s.html An impromptu response to the university’s ban on campus political activity, the Free Speech Movement led to the formal establishment of students’ freedom of expression. Student protests continued through the Vietnam War era in the 1960s, as campuses across the nation spoke out against American involvement in the war.

Perhaps the most publicized event in Berkeley was the People's Park, Berkeley protest in 1969, which was a conflict between the university and a number of Berkeley students and city residents over a plot of land on which the university intended to construct athletic fields. A grassroots effort by students and residents turned it into a community park, but after a few weeks, the university decided to reclaim control over the property. Law enforcement was sent in and the park was bulldozed, setting off a protest. California governor Ronald Reagan — who had said in his gubernatorial election campaign that he would clean up the perceived unruliness at Berkeley and other university campuses — called in United States National Guard troops and more violence erupted, resulting in over a dozen people hospitalized, a police officer stabbed, a bystander blinded, and the death of one student."Berkeley in the 60s", Bancroft Library web exhibit. Ironically, People's Park remained an empty lot long after, and was eventually used by the university for other purposes. Online at http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/CalHistory/60s.html; Jeffery Kahn, "Ronald Reagan launched political career using the Berkeley campus as a target", UC Berkeley News (8 June 2004). Available online at http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/06/08_reagan.shtml. The university ultimately decided not to develop People’s Park, though it remains the owner of the property.

Present day Today, some members of the Berkeley community consider students at UC Berkeley to be far less politically active than their predecessors, but Berkeley freshmen are statistically more liberal and less religious than their national counterparts. On some issues, such as Affirmative Action and rights of criminal defendants, Berkeley students are more conservative than their national counterparts. http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/01/24_freshmen.shtml.

Campus UC Berkeley encompasses approximately 1,232 acres (5 km²), though the main campus occupies only the low-lying western 178 acres (0.7 km²). Of the 1000 acres (4 km²) or so uphill area, approximately are occupied by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, while the remaining undeveloped are an ecological preserve with additional land devoted to a recreation center (Strawberry Canyon) . Bordering it to the northwest is the so-called Gourmet Ghetto, a small commercial district known for high quality dining due to the presence of such world-renowned restaurants as Chez Panisse; to the southwest is the Downtown Berkeley, California of Berkeley. To the north are quiet residential neighborhoods. East of the main campus are the Berkeley Hills, upon which lie the Lawrence Hall of Science and several research units, notably the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Space Sciences Laboratory, and the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute. The area south of the university includes student housing and Telegraph Avenue, one of Berkeley's main shopping districts with stores, street vendors and restaurants catering to college students and tourists.

Architecture giving a public speech at the Hearst Greek Theatre in October of 2003.What is considered the historic campus today was the result of the 1898 "International Competition for the Phoebe Hearst Architectural Plan for the University of California," funded by William Randolph Hearst’s mother and initially held in the Belgium city of Antwerp; eleven finalists were judged again in San Francisco in 1899. Online Exhibit on the Hearst Architectural Competition The winner was Frenchman Emile Bernard, however he refused to personally supervise the implementation of his plan and the task was subsequently given to architecture professor John Galen Howard. Howard designed over twenty buildings, which set the tone for the campus up until its expansion in the 1950s and 1960s. The structures forming the “classical core” of the campus were built in the Beaux-Arts architecture Classical style, and include Hearst Greek Theatre, Hearst Memorial Mining Building, Doe Memorial Library, California Hall, Wheeler Hall, (Old) Le Conte Hall, Gilman Hall, Haviland Hall, Wellman Hall, Sather Gate, and the Sather Tower (nicknamed "the Campanile" after its architectural inspiration, St Mark's Campanile in Venice). Buildings he regarded as temporary, nonacademic, or not particularly "serious" were designed in shingle or Gothic architecture styles; examples of these are North Gate Hall, Dwinelle Annex, and Stephens Hall. Many of Howard’s designs are recognized California Historical Landmarks and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Built in 1873 in a Victorian Second-Empire-style, South Hall is the oldest university building in California. It, and the Frederick Law Olmsted-designed Piedmont Avenue (Berkeley) east of the main campus, are the only remnants from the original University of California before John Galen Howard's buildings were constructed. Other architects whose work can be found in the campus and surrounding area are Bernard Maybeck (best known for the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco), Maybeck's student Julia Morgan (Hearst Women's Gymnasium), Charles Willard Moore (Haas School of Business) and Joseph Esherick (Wurster Hall).

Natural features Flowing into the main campus are two branches of Strawberry Creek. The south fork enters a culvert upstream of the recreational complex at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon and passes beneath California Memorial Stadium before appearing again in Faculty Glade. It then runs through the center of the campus before disappearing underground at the west end of campus. The north fork appears just east of University House, Berkeley and runs through the glade north of the Valley Life Sciences Building, the original site of the Campus Arboretum.

Trees in the area date from the founding of the University in the 1870s. The campus, itself, contains numerous wooded areas; including: Founders' Rock, Faculty Glade, Grinnell Natural Area, and the Eucalyptus Grove, which is both the tallest stand of such trees in the world and the tallest stand of hardwood trees in North America.http://strawberrycreek.berkeley.edu/tour/08eucalyptus.html

Organization ===Chancellors===The position of Chancellor was created in 1952 during the reorganization and expansion of the University of California; there have since been nine inaugurated chancellors (one was acting chancellor):

{] || (1952–58)|-| 2 || Glenn T. Seaborg ] || (1961–65)|-| 4 || Martin E. Meyerson ] || (1965–71)|-| 6 || Albert H. Bowker ] || (1980–90)|-| 8 || Chang-Lin Tien ] || (1997–2004)|-| 10 || Robert J. Birgeneau || (2004–present)|}

Colleges and schools Berkeley's 130-plus academic departments and programs are organized into 14 unique colleges and schools. "Colleges" are both undergraduate and graduate, while "Schools" are generally graduate only, though some offer undergraduate majors, minors, or courses. Academic Centers Bodine visit Berkeley

{{cite web | title = Ambassador Farid Abboud and Ambassador Barbara Bodine visit Berkeley | url =http://cmes.berkeley.edu/newsletter_files/fall2004newsletter.pdf | accessdate = 2007-08-13 -->

Labor unions representing UC Berkeley employees

Academics Berkeley is a comprehensive university, offering over 7,000 courses in nearly 300 degree programs. The university awards over 5,500 bachelor's degrees, 2,000 master's degrees, 900 doctorates, and 200 law degrees each year. The student-faculty ratio is 15.5 to 1, among the lowest of any major university, and the average class consists of 30 students (not including discussion sections led by teaching assistant). Class size ranges from introductory courses with hundreds of students and seminars with fewer than ten.

Berkeley's current faculty includes 221 American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellows, 2 Fields Medal winners, 83 Fulbright Scholars, 139 Guggenheim Fellows, 87 members of the National Academy of Engineering, 132 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 8 Nobel Prize winners, 3 Pulitzer Prize winners, 84 Sloan Fellows, and 7 Wolf Prize winners. About UC Berkeley: Honors and Awards 61 Nobel Laureates are associated with the university, the sixth most of any university in the world; twenty have served on its faculty. (See List of University of California, Berkeley faculty.)

Berkeley's enrollment of National Merit Scholarship Program was third in the nation until 2002, when participation in the National Merit program was discontinued.http://www.ucnewswire.org/news_viewer.cfm?story_PK=4989

Campus Enrollment The following statistics are calculated from the Fall 2005 enrollment and were released by the University of California system (the 2006 statistics will be released Fall 2007): Women: 12,640 Men: 10,842 Women: 4,643 Men: 5,433 African American: 3.5% Native American: 0.5% Asian/Pacific Islander: 41.4% Chicano/Latino: 10.6% White: 31% Other: 1.6% Not Stated: 8.1% International: 3.3%

Rankings According to the United States National Research Council, Berkeley ranks first nationally in the number of graduate programs in the top ten in their fields (97%, 35 of 36 programs) and first nationally in the number of "distinguished" programs for the scholarship of the faculty (32 programs). UC Berkeley Honors & Awards: Graduate Program Rankings Berkeley is the only university in the nation to achieve top 5 rankings for all of its Doctor of Philosophy programs in those disciplines covered by the US News and World Report graduate school survey. In a survey of "Top American Research Universities" released by The Center for Measuring University Performance at Arizona State University, Berkeley ranked eighth overall and first among public institutions. The Center for Measuring University Performance at Arizona State University

In addition to its distinguished post-graduate programs, US News also consistently ranks Berkeley as the nation’s top undergraduate public university and within the top three for both Undergraduate Business and Undergraduate Engineering. U.S. News & World Report recently ranked Berkeley's undergraduate program twenty-first nationally in terms of "academic excellence." In its 2007 annual college rankings, The Washington Monthly ranks Berkeley third nationally with criteria based on research, community service, and social mobility.

The THES - QS World University Rankings — A 2006 ranking from the THES - QS of the world’s research universities. ranked Berkeley eighth in the world in 2006 , and the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Institute for Higher Education ranked Berkeley third in the world in its 2007 rankings. Those rankings were based upon alumni and faculty quality defined by academic reputation, as well as awards won, papers published, international presence, student to faculty ratio, frequency of citation by peers, and performance relative to size. In the 2006 international edition of Newsweek, Berkeley was the fifth-ranked global university.

Admissions Berkeley is perennially the most selective school in the UC system, as it is considered to be the flagship campus of the system. In addition, it is considered to be one of the most selective universities in the United States. For the 2007-08 academic year, 10,257 freshman were admitted at Berkeley from an applicant pool of 44,127, or 23.24% of the total. The average person admitted to the university as a freshman in 2007 had a weighted Grade Point Average of 4.25/4.00 (unweighted of 3.82/4), while those who matriculated in 2006 had an average GPA of 4.26/4.00 and average score of 1975 out of 2400 (approximately 94th percentile) on the SAT admissions test.

Graduate admissions vary by department, although in 2006 the university's doctoral programs admitted 1,058 students from a pool of 14,263 applicants. UC Berkeley Performance Metrics



Library system Berkeley’s 32 libraries together tie for fourth largest academic library in the United States with University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, surpassed only by the Library of Congress, Harvard University, and Yale University. In 2003, the Association of Research Libraries ranked it as the top public and third overall university library in North America based on various statistical measures of quality.http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2002/06/20_libry.htmlAs of 2006, Berkeley’s library system contains over 10 million volumes and maintains over 70,000 serial titles.http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/news_events/whats-new.html The libraries together cover over 12 acres of land and comprise one of the largest library complexes in the world.http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/97legacy/gard.html Doe Library serves as the library system's reference, periodical, and administrative center, while most of the main collections are housed in the subterranean Gardner Main Stacks and Moffitt Undergraduate Library. The Bancroft Library, with holdings of over 400,000 printed volumes, maintains a collection that documents the history of the western part of North America, with an emphasis on California, Mexico and Central America.

Contributions to computer science

Berkeley has nurtured a number of key technologies associated with the early development of the Internet and the Free software movement. The original Berkeley Software Distribution, commonly known as BSD Unix, was assembled in 1977 by Bill Joy, then a graduate student in the computer science department. Joy, who went on to co-found Sun Microsystems, also developed the original version of vi. PostgreSQL emerged from faculty research begun in the late 1970s. Sendmail was developed at Berkeley in 1981. BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain package) was written by a team of graduate students around the same time period. The Tcl programming language and the Tk (computing) graphical user interface toolkit were developed by faculty member John Ousterhout in 1988. SPICE and espresso, popular tools for IC Designers, were invented at Berkeley under the direction of Professor Donald Pederson. The Redundant array of independent disks and RISC technologies were both developed at Berkeley under David A. Patterson.

Perhaps the most influential contributions to computing from UC Berkeley have been the algorithms and analysis of floating-point arithmetic, led by Professor William Kahan. They include extensive and ongoing contributions to the IEEE 754 standard.

The EXperimental Computing Facility, an undergraduate research group located in Soda Hall, has been responsible for a number of notable software projects, including GTK+, GIMP, and the initial diagnosis of the Morris worm. In 1992 Pei-Yuan Wei, an undergraduate at the XCF, created ViolaWWW, one of the first graphical web browsers. ViolaWWW was the first browser to have embedded scriptable objects, stylesheets, and tables. In the spirit of Open Source, he donated the code to Sun Microsystems, inspiring Java (programming language) applets. ViolaWWW would also inspire researchers at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications to create the Mosaic (web browser) web browser.

SETI at home was one of the first widely disseminated distributed computing projects, allowing hobbyists and enthusiasts to participate in scientific research by donating unused computer processor cycles in the form of a screen saver.

In an interesting example of the confluence of disparate ideas, many of the arguments for the efficacy of Open Source software development, and of the Wikipedia project itself, find parallels in writings on urban planning and architecture published in the late 1970s by Christopher Alexander, a Berkeley professor of architecture. At the same time, John Searle, a Berkeley professor of philosophy, introduced a critique of artificial intelligence using the metaphor of a Chinese Room.

Berkeley has established partnerships with Google, Intel, Microsoft, Sun Microsystems, and Yahoo!. Intel Research Berkeley's small industrial lab near the main UC Berkeley campus brings together researchers from Intel and Berkeley to pursue open and collaborative research into realms including Technology and Infrastructure for Emerging Regions, Delay Tolerant Networking, rural connectivity and networks as databases. Yahoo! Research Berkeley Labs focuses on mobile media technology and social media in a facility adjacent to the campus. Sun Microsystems, Google, and Microsoft are funding a $7.5 million dollar Reliable, Adaptive and Distributed Systems Laboratory to develop more reliable computing systems.

Distinguished Berkeley people Nobel Prizes have been awarded to twenty past and present faculty, among the List of Nobel laureates associated with University of California, Berkeley.



See also:



Student life Athletics Cal's sports teams compete in intercollegiate athletics as the California Golden Bears. They participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I-A as a member of the Pacific Ten Conference. The official school colors, established in 1873 by a committee of students, are Yale Blue and California Gold.http://resource.berkeley.edu/r_html/r01_04.html Yale Blue was chosen because many of the university's founders were Yale University graduates (for example Henry Durant, the first university president), while California Gold was selected to represent the Golden State of California. Cal has a long history of excellence in athletics, having won national titles in football, men's basketball, baseball, softball, men's and women's crew, men's gymnastics, men's tennis, men's and women's swimming, men's water polo, men's track, and men's rugby. In addition, Cal athletes have won numerous individual NCAA titles in track, gymnastics, swimming and tennis.

The Golden Bears' traditional arch-rivalry is with the Stanford University Cardinal. The most anticipated sporting event between the two universities is the annual football game dubbed the Big Game (football), and it is celebrated with spirit events on both campuses. Since 1933, the winner of the Big Game has been awarded custody of the Stanford Axe. One of the most famous moments in Big Game history occurred during the 85th Big Game on November 20, 1982. In what has become known as "the band play" or simply The Play, Cal scored the winning touchdown in the final seconds with a kickoff return that involved a series of laterals and the Stanford marching band rushing onto the field.

California finished in sixth place in the NACDA Director's Cup standings (Formerly the Sears Cup), which measures the best overall collegiate athletic programs in the country, with points awarded for national finishes in NCAA sports. With 865.5 points, Cal's seventh place finish is the highest in the school's history.. (Note the Stanford visitors section on the left and the UC Berkeley alumni section on the right.)Cal National Championships{| class="wikitable"|- bgcolor="#efefef"! Sport !! Championships|-| align="center"|Baseball || |-| align="center"|Men's Basketball || |-| align="center"|Men's Crew || |-| align="center"|Women's Crew || |-| align="center"|Football || |-| align="center"|Men's Golf || |-| align="center"|Men's Gymnastics || |-| align="center"|Men's Lacrosse || |-| align="center"|Men's Rugby || |-| align="center"|Softball || |-| align="center"|Men's Swimming || |-| align="center"|Women's Swimming || |-| align="center"|Men's Tennis || |-| align="center"|Women's Tennis || |-| align="center"|Men's Track & Field || |-| align="center"|Women's Track & Field || |-| align="center"|Men's Water Polo || |- bgcolor="#efefef"|Total Team Championships || align="center"|70|}

Traditions The official university mascot is Oski, who first debuted in 1941. Previously, live bear cubs were used as mascots at California Memorial Stadium. It was decided in 1940 that a costumed mascot would be a better alternative to a live bear. Named after the The Oski Yell yell, he is cared for by the Oski Committee, who have exclusive knowledge of the identity of the costume-wearer.http://calbears.collegesports.com/trads/cal-m-fb-mas.html

The University of California Marching Band, which has served the university since 1891, performs at every home football game and at select road games as well. A smaller subset of the Cal Band, the Straw Hat Band, performs at basketball games, volleyball games, and other campus and community events.http://www.calband.berkeley.edu/calband/about/

The UC Rally Committee, formed in 1901, is the official guardian of California's Spirit and Traditions. Wearing their traditional blue and gold rugbies, Rally Committee members can be seen at all major sporting and spirit events. Committee members are charged with the maintenance of the five Cal flags, the large California banner overhanging the Memorial Stadium Student Section and Haas Pavilion, the California Victory Cannon, Card Stunts and The Big "C" among other duties. The Rally Committee is also responsible for safekeeping of the Stanford Axe when it is in Cal's possession.http://ucrc.berkeley.edu/ The Chairman of the Rally Committee holds the title "Custodian of the Axe" while it is in the Committee's care.

Overlooking the main Berkeley campus from the foothills in the east, The Big "C" is an important symbol of California school spirit. The Big "C" has its roots in an early 20th century campus event called "Rush," which pitted the freshman and sophomore classes against each other in a race up Charter Hill that often developed into a wrestling match. It was eventually decided to discontinue Rush and, in 1905, the freshman and sophomore classes banded together in a show of unity to build The Big "C".http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/CalHistory/traditions.html Owing to its prominent position, the Big C is often the target of pranks by rival Stanford University students who paint the Big C red and also fraternities and sororities who paint it their organization's colors. One of the Rally Committee's functions is to repaint The Big "C" to its traditional color of King Alfred Yellow.

Cal students invented the college football tradition of card stunts. Then known as Bleacher Stunts, they were first performed during the 1910 Big Game and consisted of two stunts: a picture of the Stanford Axe and a large blue "C" on a white background. The tradition continues today in the Cal student section and incorporates complicated motions, for example tracing the Cal script logo on a blue background with an imaginary yellow pen.http://calbears.collegesports.com/trads/cal-m-fb-tour.html

The California Victory Cannon, placed on Tightwad Hill overlooking the stadium, is fired before every football home game, after every score, and after every Cal victory. First used in the 1963 Big Game, it was originally placed on the sidelines before moving to Tightwad Hill in 1971. The only time the cannon ran out of ammunition was during a game against University of the Pacific in 1991, when Cal scored 12 touchdowns.http://calbears.collegesports.com/trads/victory-cannon.html

Other traditions have included events which span only a period of a few years. William (or Willie) the Polka Dot Man was a performance artist who frequented Sproul Plaza during the late 1970s and early 1980s. http://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/2002/08/15_foley.html The Naked Guy (now deceasedhttp://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-05-21-naked-guy-dies_x.htm) and Larry the Drummer, who performed Batman tunes, appeared in the late 1980s and early 1990s.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Martinez http://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/2002/08/15_foley.html

Student housing UC Berkeley's student housing accommodates a variety of personal and academic preferences and styles. Presently, the university offers two years of guaranteed housing for entering freshmen, and one year for entering transfer students. The immediately surrounding community offers apartments, Greek (fraternity and sorority) housing, and University Students' Cooperative Association.



There are four dormitory complexes south of campus in the City of Berkeley: Units 1, 2, 3, and Clark Kerr. Units 1, 2 and 3 offer high-rise accommodations with common areas on every other floor. Dining commons and other central facilities are shared by the high-rises. Because of their communal design and location in the city, these dormitories tend to be the more social of the housing options. Units 1 and 2 also have many of the newest dormitory buildings, which are intended for continuing and transfer students.http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/01/11_spring05.shtml Just outside these complexes are the Channing-Bowditch and Ida Jackson apartments, also intended for older students.http://www.housing.berkeley.edu/livingatcal/channing_bowditch.htmlhttp://www.housing.berkeley.edu/livingatcal/jackson_house.html Farther away from campus is Clark Kerr, a dormitory complex that houses many student athletes and was once a school for the deaf and blind. This complex is considered the most spacious and luxurious accommodation south of campus.

, as seen at the 2003 Homecoming and Parents WeekendIn the foothills, east of the central campus, there are three additional dormitory complexes: Foothill, Stern, and Bowles. Foothill is a co-ed suite-style dorm reminiscent of a Swiss chalet. Just south of Foothill, overlooking the Hearst Greek Theatre, is the all-girls traditional-style Stern Hall, which boasts an original mural by Diego Rivera. Because of their proximity to the UC Berkeley College of Engineering and UC Berkeley College of Chemistry, these dorms often house science and engineering majors. They tend to be quieter than the southside complexes, but because of their location next to the theatre, often get free glimpses of concerts. Bowles Hall, the oldest state-owned dormitory in California, is located immediately north of California Memorial Stadium. Dedicated in 1929 and on the National Register of Historic Places, this all-men’s dormitory has large quad-occupancy rooms and has the appearance of a castle. This dorm is like a fraternity, with many of its residents staying all four years. However, in 2005 the university decided to limit Bowles to freshmen because of complaints that it had become too raucous and was jeopardizing the learning environment.http://www.dailycal.org/sharticle.php?id=19190 Bowles houses was once ranked as one of Playboy Magazine's top-10 college parties during Halloween, however the university within the past few years has cracked down on this activity. Currently, the residence is being courted by the Haas School of Business to become housing for scholars and business professionals who visit Berkeley. contracostatimes.com: Haas eyes dorm to house program There is a great deal of opposition to this plan, and no final decisions have been made.

Family student housing consists of two main groups of housing: UC Village and Smyth-Fernwald. University Village is located three miles (5 km) north-west of campus in Albany, California. The demolition of older buildings and their subsequent replacement with new, more expensive apartment units has prompted student protests. The Village Residents Association, a funding and advocacy group in University Village, filmed a video documentary regarding the lack of affordable student family housing in June, 2007.http://ucbfamilyhousing.blogspot.com Smyth-Fernwald is scheduled for demolition in 2010.



Student groups in San Diego, California.UC Berkeley has over 700 established student groups.

UC Berkeley has a reputation for student activism, stemming from the 1960s and the Free Speech Movement. Today, Berkeley is known as a lively campus with activism in many forms, from email petitions, presentations on Sproul Plaza and volunteering, to the occasional protest. Political student groups on campus numbered 94 in 2006-2007 school year, including Berkeley ACLU, Berkeley Students for Life, Campus Greens, Cal Berkeley Democrats, and the Berkeley College Republicans. Berkeley sends the most students to the Peace Corps of any university in the nation.http://www.ucop.edu/pathways/infoctr/introuc/ucb.html

The IDEAL Scholars Fund was established by four alumni to increase the number of qualified, underrepresented students of color at UC Berkeley. The Fund tries to counter the effects of California Proposition 209, which ended Affirmative Action in California and in the University of California system. The consequent reduction in the numbers of Latino, African American and Native American students rekindled activism on campus concerning issues of race. However, supporters of Proposition 209 have noted that the number of Asian American students has dramatically increased following its passage. Racial preferences remain a controversial topic, with some students supporting them while others are opposed.

The Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC) is the student government organization that controls funding for student groups and organizes on-campus student events. It is considered one of the most autonomous student governments at any public university in the U.S.

UC Berkeley's independent student-run newspaper is the The Daily Californian. Founded in 1871, The Daily Cal became independent in 1971 after the campus administration fired three senior editors for encouraging readers to take back People's Park (Berkeley).

Berkeley's FM radio station, KALX, broadcasts on 90.7 MHz. It is run largely by volunteers, including both students and community members.

Berkeley Model United Nations is the oldest running high school Model United Nations conference in the nation holding an annual conference on campus with over 1500 high school students participating.

Berkeley's student-run television station, CalTV, was formed in 2005 and broadcasts online. It is run by students with a variety of backgrounds and majors.

Democratic Education at Cal, or DeCal, is a program that promotes the creation of professor-sponsored, student-facilitated classes through the Special Studies 98/198 program. DeCal arose out of the 1960s Free Speech movement and was officially established in 1981. The program offers some 150 courses on a vast range of subjects that appeal to the Berkeley student community, including classes on The Simpsons, Poker, South Park, Superman, Batman, conspiracy theory, political debate and disc jockey.

Fraternities and sororities Alpha Kappa Lambda, the only men's fraternity founded west of the Mississippi river, was founded at Berkeley in 1914.

Many other fraternities and sororities have existed at Berkeley over the years:

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Sororities

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